The day when they become fixed, they are dead.—That is why the French of a certain contemporary school is a dead language. Erster Brief: Der Klassiker an den Romantiker (26. Thence it diffuses itself through the imaginations of the new nations that are remodelling Europe. R UY B LAS (1838) Damit setzt Johnson das Drama einer Erzählung gleich, in der beliebig viel Zeit verstreichen könne und in der der Schauplatz auch nicht an einen Ort gebunden ist.[50]. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. V.5. The poets of this school are eloquent after the manner of stage princes and princesses, always sure of finding in the costumer's labelled cases, cloaks and pinchbeck crowns, which have no other disadvantage than that of having been used by everybody. Such are its three faces, in youth, in manhood, in old age. Each of the four languages, taken by itself, is admirable because it is original. A judge was needed to decide the ​question. To paint it in one stroke, so great is its vigour, its energy, its creative sap, at the dawn of letters, that it casts, at the outset, upon the threshold of modern poetry, three burlesque Homers: Ariosto in Italy, Cervantes in Spain, Rabelais in France. These great catastrophes were also great spectacles, impressive cataclysms. It becomes epic, it gives birth to Homer. L ORENZACCIO (1834) V.4.3.1. VICTOR HUGOS WEGBEREITER Scit genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum. The fact is that the beautiful, humanly speaking, is merely form considered in its simplest aspect, in its most perfect symmetry, in its most entire harmony with our make-up. As we know, it first presented itself to the poet's imagination in the first of these forms, and as a drama it always remains in the reader's memory, so prominent is the old dramatic framework still beneath Milton's epic structure! Thus the Roman Senate will deliberate over Domitian's turbot. [11] Corneille formulierte diese Funktion der Katharsis in seinem Discours de la tragédie (1662) wie folgt: „La pitié d'un malheur où nous voyons tomber nos semblables nous porte à la crainte d'un pareil péril pour nous; cette crainte au désir de l'éviter; et ce désir à purger, modérer, rectifier et même déraciner en nous la passion qui plonge à nos yeux dans ce malheur les personnes qui nous plaignons.“[12]. One and all drink from the Homeric stream. One moment! In the idea of men of modern times, however, the grotesque plays an enormous part. Hugo greift in der Préface de Cromwell diese Idee des „mirror of life“ in seiner Forderung nach der Schaffung eines authentischen Lokalkolorits wieder auf (cf. and for so brutally bestowing Claudius in Agrippina's bed. Union Générale d'Editions. The earth is still almost deserted. Notes. Thus the aim of art is almost divine: to bring to life again if it is writing history, to create if it is writing poetry. Jean Racine. und II.4.). der abgebildete Brunnen Erfrischung verschaffe. If his drama is worthless, what is the use of upholding it? Among a people who are fond of spectacles the attention is more lively than is commonly believed. Es obliegt nun dem Dichter selbst, ob er sich dieser Freiheiten bedienen möchte oder ob er es vorzieht, in einzelnen Punkten an der klassischen Regelpoetik festzuhalten (z.B. 0 Avis. IV.4.3. Fill up the valley with the mountain and you will have nothing but a steppe, a plateau, the plain of Les Sablons instead of the Alps, swallows and not eagles. But the graces; but good taste! In the Homeric poems one is conscious of a clinging reminiscence of lyric poetry and of a beginning of dramatic poetry. Kapitel II.5.) Kapitel V.4.2.). The young man so justly and gently reproved dares to protest; thereupon Scudéri returns to the charge; he calls to his assistance the Eminent Academy: "Pronounce, O my Judges, a decree worthy of your eminence, which will give all Europe to know that Le Cid is not the chef-d'œuvre of the greatest man in France, but ​the least judicious performance of M. Corneille himself. In fact, such a thing would be impossible. Che sara, sara. IV.2.2. We have arrived, and now we must set out again. Auch in diesem Zitat findet sich die Idee von der Forderung nach der dichterischen Freiheit des Genies wieder. We must admit, therefore, or confess ourselves ridiculous, that the domains of art and of nature are entirely distinct. Cromwell déjoue le complot dont il est averti par Carr, un puritain exalté. Dazzling, dreamy, at the dawn of civilization, it reappears, solemn and pensive, at its decline. to the wretched bickerings of the wings; of having entered that shifting, foggy, stormy atmosphere, where ignorance dogmatises, where envy hisses, where cabals cringe and crawl, where the probity of talent has so often been misrepresented, where the noble innocence of genius is sometimes so out of place, where mediocrity triumphs in lowering to its level the superiority which obscures it, where one finds so many small men for a single great one, so many nobodies for one Talma, so many myrmidons for one Achilles! III.1. The latter assumes all the absurdities, all the infirmities, all the blemishes. S. 44, [4] Aubignac, François Hédelin d'. There is one period of his life, especially, in which this strange personality exhibits itself in all its forms. Buy Cromwell de Victor Hugo - Préface: Commentaire de texte (LEPETITLITTERAIRE.FR) by Tricoche-Rauline, Laurence, lePetitLittéraire (ISBN: 9782806236487) from Amazon's Book Store. And so, let addle-pated pedants (one does not exclude the other) claim that the deformed, the ugly, the grotesque should never be imitated in art; one replies that the grotesque is comedy, and that comedy apparently makes a part of art. "But," someone else will object, "according to your conception of the art, you seem to look for none but great poets, to count always upon genius." Even the vulgar and the trivial should have an accent of their own. There is too much nature and originality in the Greek tragedy for there ​not to be an occasional touch of comedy in it. Not without some hesitation, moreover, did the author determine to burden his drama with a preface. It is the girdle which holds up the garment and gives it all its folds. life in its native colours.“[40]. Time will do the book justice or will wreak justice upon it. It seems to us that such verse would be as fine as prose. In this tableau of the stage, each figure must be held down to its most prominent, most individual, most precisely defined characteristic. Genese. Entstanden Ende des 18. What could be more opposed—we will not say to the truth, for the scholastics hold it very cheap, but to probability? Just as it represented Thespis, smeared with wine-lees, leaping in her tomb, it dances with the Basoche on the famous marble table which served at the same time as a stage for the popular farces and for the royal banquets. Thus Shakespeare's unity must be different from Corneille's. D E L 'A LLEMAGNE (1810) The stage is an optical point. It is as if a god should turn valet. - Berlin ;Boston : De Gruyter Mouton, 2017: 3. Is the satellite which travels unceasingly in the same circle equal to the central creative planet? den französischen Rezipienten mit einer Literatur bekannt, die nicht der klassischen Regelpoetik unterworfen ist. Stendhal. They were the ivy, not the mistletoe. Les … S. 274, [2] Muzelle, Alain. Der Begriff, da semantisch noch sehr eingeschränkt, wurde aber eher selten verwandt: Romantique bezog sich auf Situationen, Orte oder Charaktere, wie sie in den ritterlichen und höfischen Epen (romans) des Mittelalters anzutreffen sind und war daher fast synonym mit romanesque.[31]. Phèdre, 1677) oder modernerer aus Italien oder Spanien (z.B. Then it is that, with its eyes fixed upon events that are both laughable and redoubtable, and under the influence of that spirit of Christian melancholy and philosophical criticism which we described a moment ago, poetry will take a great step, a decisive step, a step which, like the upheaval of an earthquake, will change the whole face of the intellectual world. Der Alexandriner In like manner the earlier works of a man of genius are always preferred to the newer ones, in order to prove that he is going down instead of up—Mélite and La Galérie du Palais placed above Le Cid. It will realize that everything in creation is not humanly beautiful, that the ugly exists beside the beautiful, the unshapely beside the graceful, the grotesque on the reverse of the sublime, evil with good, darkness with light. Doc complémentaire - Séquence 3 (extraits de La Préface de Cromwell) Victor Hugo, Préface de Cromwell (1827) [extraits] Extrait n°1 : les trois unités. Thus Richelieu will submit to Joseph the Capuchin, and Louis XI to his barber, Maître Olivier le Diable. and sometimes: "This resembles everything!" Such is the first man, such is the first poet. After the pin-pricks the blow with a club. Later, in the age of etiquette, it will show us Scarron on the very edge of Louis the Fourteenth's bed. It is careless to confuse them as some ill-informed partisans of romanticism do. It is the decree of fate. Seine darin beschriebenen dramentheoretischen Überlegungen waren jedoch keinesfalls innovativ, zahlreiche Dichter und Denker beschäftigten sich bereits vor ihm mit dieser Thematik. VI.1.2. He moulded it in verse, because he preferred to do so. C'est dans les sons que la nature a placé la plus forte expression du caractère romantique [...]"[33]. It was on approaching his subject to study it that the author recognized, or thought that he recognized, the impossibility of procuring the performance of a faithful reproduction of it on our stage, in the exceptional position it now occupies, between the academic Charybdis and the administrative Scylla, between the literary juries and the political censorship. Cromwell de Victor Hugo - Préface: Commentaire de texte (LEPETITLITTERAIRE.FR) (French Edition) eBook: Tricoche-Rauline, Laurence, lePetitLittéraire.fr,: Amazon.co.uk: Kindle Store Select Your Cookie Preferences. What would the romantic drama do? So then you put forward the ugly as a type for imitation, you make the grotesque an element of art. In Hugos Vorwort zu Ruy Blas wird die Gattung des Melodrams explizit erwähnt (cf. Mimesis, erfüllen soll, muss sich der Plot so wahrscheinlich wie möglich präsentieren. Sie darf nicht mehr als 24 Stunden umfassen. Im Idealfall decken sich sogar Spielzeit und gespielte Zeit. Prometheus is fastened to a rock by nails driven through his stomach and his arms. Ruy Blas: ein romantisches Drama They overflow upon another; hence, the migrations of nations—voyages. Ebenso findet sich Hugos Forderung nach der Darstellung der Natur als Gegensatz zum Künstlichen bereits bei Johnson: „[...] the greatest graces of a play, are to copy nature and instruct life.“[41]. Bern und München. STOFF UND FUNKTION DES KLASSISCHEN DRAMAS [49], Weiterhin spreche gegen die völlige Illusion, und damit auch gegen die Legitimität der Einheiten der Zeit und des Ortes der Umstand, dass ein gelesenes Drama ebenso bewege wie ein gespieltes. "—Not so. From the manners, it makes its way into the laws; numberless strange customs attest its passage through the institutions of the Middle Ages. In all antiquity there is nothing more solemn, more majestic. She still has her "Tout beau, monsieur!" Extrait de la Préface de Cromwell. Use up arrow (for mozilla firefox browser alt+up arrow) and down arrow (for mozilla firefox browser … Johnsons Präambel mag noch viele weitere Dramentheoretiker des 18. Cromwell ist ein monumentales Theaterstück von Victor Hugo, das er 1827 veröffentlichte.Bekannt wurde es durch sein Vorwort. Upon my word!". It would mingle and blend artistically these two kinds of enjoyment. Doubtless they will appear to "the disciples of La Harpe" most impudent and strange. no regard“[46]. The artificial work of these men, however talented they may be, has no existence so far as art is concerned. The Fates and the Harpies are hideous in their attributes rather than in feature; the Furies are beautiful, and are called Eumenides, that is to say, gentle, beneficent. Inhalt Thus it does idiotic things which its master many a time has much difficulty in making good. Sublime upon sublime scarcely presents a contrast, and we need a little rest from everything, even the beautiful. It is the grotesque, still the grotesque, which now casts into the Christian hell the frightful faces which the severe genius of Dante and Milton will evoke, and again peoples it with those laughter-moving figures amid which Callot, the burlesque Michelangelo, will disport himself. La Préface de Cromwell : introduction, texte et notes by Souriau, Maurice Anatole, 1856-Publication date 1897 Topics Hugo, Victor, 1802-1885 Publisher Paris : Société française d'imprimerie et de librairie Collection universityofottawa; toronto Digitizing sponsor University of Ottawa Contributor University of Ottawa Language French. [35] Johnson, Samuel . Kapitel II.3.) Sometimes it may, without discord, as in the scene between King Lear and his jester, mingle its shrill voice with the most sublime, the most dismal, the dreamiest music of the soul. Upon it, vast spectacles are displayed. Andere Dramatiker hingegen seien in ihrer Darstellung der Geschehnisse zu unnatürlich: „The theatre, when it is under any other direction, is peopled by such characters as were never seen, conversing in a language which was never heard, upon topicks [sic!] The first arguments were addressed to the Academy, the last one was aimed at the Cardinal. One might point out the powerful effects the moderns have obtained from that fruitful type, upon which narrow-minded criticism continues to wage war even in our own day. We see on the stage only the elbows of the plot, so to speak; its hands are somewhere else. Entstehung und Aufbau It is always a pitiful spectacle to see two hostile self-esteems crossing swords. Constant war demzufolge gezwungen, um die Einheit der Zeit zu wahren, sowohl die Anzahl der Personen erheblich zu verringern (zwölf Figuren werden z.B. Furthermore, and the author does not know why it is so, his ​prefaces, frank and ingenuous as they are, have always served rather to compromise him with the critics than to shield him. So kann das Gebot der drei Einheiten unterlaufen werden, Gattungsgrenzen missachtet, der strenge Rhythmus des Alexandriners gelockert oder gar durch Prosa ersetzt werden. Far from being staunch and trusty bucklers, they have played him a trick like that played in a battle by an unusual and conspicuous uniform, which, calling attention to the soldier who wears it, attracts all the blows and is proof against none. We hear the shrieks of Clytemnestra, murdered by her own son, and Electra, on the stage, cries: 'Strike! M. Corneille," he adds, "shows in his replies that he is as far removed from that author's moderation as from his merit." [5], Erst durch die Kommentare von Lodovico Castelvetro in seiner Poetica d'Aristotele vulgarizzata (1570)6 wurde die Einheit des Ortes Bestandteil der doctrine classique.[7]. IV.4.4.1. […]. S.19, [28] Wolfzettel, Friedrich (Hrsg.). The salamander gives relief to the water-sprite; the gnome heightens the charm of the sylph. If then the wrath of the critics is aroused by the publication of this essay, he will let them do their worst. But it is lyric poetry above all that befits the drama; it never embarrasses it, adapts itself to all its caprices, disports itself in all forms, sometimes sublime as in Ariel, sometimes grotesque as in Caliban. Like God, the true poet is present in every part of his work at once. In France, Malherbe before Chapelain, Chapelain before Corneille; in ancient Greece, Orpheus before Homer, Homer before Æschylus; in the first of all books, Genesis before Kings, Kings before Job; or to come back to that monumental scale of all ages of poetry, which we ran over a moment since, The Bible before the Iliad, the Iliad before Shakespeare. Paris. It is the moment when his chimera escapes from him, when the present kills the future, when, to use an expressive colloquialism, his destiny misses fire. Il est considéré comme l'un des plus importants écrivains de langue française. Die drei Einheiten und die völlige Illusion Now, what is the Chorus, this anomalous character standing between the spectacle and the spectator, if it be not the poet completing his epic? There will be a crowd of characters in the drama. All that their waves thus abandon dries up and vanishes. So macht Mme de Staëls Schrift De l’Allemagne (cf. It finds its way in everywhere; for just as the most commonplace have their occasional moments of sublimity, so the most exalted frequently pay tribute to the trivial and ridiculous. The bramble lives, the fungus vegetates. Languages are like the sea, they move to and fro incessantly. Dennoch war er derjenige, dem es gelang, als Begründer des romantischen Theaters in die französische Literaturgeschichte einzugehen. We will simply say here that, as a means of contrast with the sublime, the grotesque is, in our view, the richest source that nature can offer art. Dies wird besonders deutlich, wenn u.a. Die Darstellung des Natürlichen oder „the mirror of life“ Eine exemplarische Auswahl soll im Folgenden diese Filiation verdeutlichen. The drama should be thoroughly impregnated with this colour of the time, which should be, in some sort, in the air, so that one detects it only on entering the theatre, and that on going forth one finds one's self in a different period and atmosphere. Its success for the moment is the affair of the publisher alone. then take us there! He is still so close to God that all his meditations are ecstatic, all his dreams are visions. Behold then three great successive orders of things in civilization, from its origin down to our days. VIII. Paris. ​This ode, this poem of primitive times, is Genesis. On the one hand they cry incessantly: "Copy the models!" VI.3.1. Racine et Shakespeare. They coincide with him in imparting a dramatic tinge to all our poetry; like him, they blend the grotesque with the sublime; and, far from standing by themselves in the great literary ensemble that rests upon Shakespeare, Dante and Milton are, in some sort, the two supporting abutments of the edifice of which he is the central pillar, the buttresses of the arch of which he is the keystone. of an alleged school of refinement and taste which flourished until recently. At the same time was born the spirit of scrutiny and curiosity. Darüber hinaus können die beiden großen englischen Vorbilder der romantischen Bewegung, Sir Walter Scott und William Shakespeare, durch die Übersetzung bzw. Nun aber habe die Korruption und Ignoranz des 16. 1992. Kapitel II.2.) People are beginning to understand in our day that exact localization is one of the first elements of reality. PRIMÄRLITERATUR [23] Dies resultiert zwangsläufig in der Vorschrift der Ständeklausel, nach der in der Tragödie Adlige die Hauptrollen besetzen und in der Komödie Angehörige des dritten Standes. wird ihm allerdings oft fälschlicherweise zugeschrieben. Denn nur wenn der Zuschauer von der Wahrscheinlichkeit (vraisemblance) der Handlung überzeugt ist, kann er sich mit dem Stück identifizieren und so die gewünschte Katharsis, die „innere Reinigung“, erreichen. Who said the first? With like originality, it substitutes for the somewhat commonplace Lernæan hydra all the local dragons of our national legends—the gargoyle of Rouen, the gra-ouilli of Metz, the chair sallée of Troyes, the drée of Montlhéry, the tarasque of Tarascon—monsters of forms so diverse, whose outlandish names are an additional attribute. There is a touch of all in each; but in each there exists a generative element to which all the other elements give place, and which imposes its own character upon the whole. Cromwell de Victor Hugo - Préface: Commentaire de texte (LEPETITLITTERAIRE.FR) von Tricoche-Rauline, Laurence; LePetitLittéraire bei AbeBooks.de - ISBN 10: 2806236487 - ISBN 13: 9782806236487 - lePetitLitteraire.fr - 2014 - Softcover What has given them that unfamiliar suggestion of life and grandeur, if not the proximity of the rough and powerful sculptures of the Middle Ages? But the age of the epic draws near its end. Now, Delille went into tragedy. (Hrsg. S. 154, [8] Clément, Bruno. The camp gives place to the city, the tent to the palace, the ark to the temple. Primitive times are lyrical, ancient times epical, modern times dramatic. - Hohes Honorar auf die Verkäufe STILTRENNUNG, III. In questions of this sort, there is only one solution. The Mariage de Figaro, the connecting link of Beaumarchais's great trilogy, occupies the whole evening, and who was ever bored or fatigued by it. 19923. IV.4.3.3. La littérature française du XIX e siècle. Es folgt eine Zeit des Umbruchs, innerhalb derer Frankreich in nur dreißig Jahren drei verschiedene Régimes erfährt: das Premier Empire unter Napoleon I (1804 – 1815), die Restaurationszeit (1815 - 1830) und schließlich die Julimonarchie (1830 – 1848). There can no more be three unities in the drama than three horizons in a picture. 90 p. : ill. format(s) Book Back; 0 Marked; Mark; Options Refworks Print Link Email Cite Request Get help Holdings. Then there was a deluge of mediocrity; then there came a swarm of those treatises on poetry, so annoying to true talent, so convenient for mediocrity. Plongez-vous dans lanalyse de la préface de Cromwell de Victor Hugo pour approfondir votre compréhension de loeuvre !Que retenir de la préface de Cromwell, célèbre manifeste en faveur du drame romantique ? Missing pages: 135-160. There are no high mountains without deep ravines. So that he knew little of misfortune outside of domestic sorrows. Die Entstehung des romantischen Dramas steht in unmittelbarem Zusammenhang mit den politischen Wechselspielen in Frankreich seit der Revolution von 1789, in deren Folge die Autorität des Ancien Régime und damit auch die Tradition der klassischen Dramentheorie in Frage gestellt wird. But can we demand of the bird that he fly under the receiver of an air-pump? Préface de Cromwell, suivie d'extraits d'autres préfaces dramatiques. However, no matter what treatment may be accorded his book, he binds himself not to defend it, in whole or in part. Wherein, pray, do the Greek stage and drama resemble our stage and drama? But what would those admirable men have done if they had been left to themselves? The time has come when the balance between the two principles is to be established. SAMUEL JOHNSON. III.3. Larousse, 2007 - 174 pages. Meanwhile the nations are beginning to be packed too closely on the earth's surface. Auch Hugos Vorstellung eines Dramas, dass dem Zuschauer das entsprechende Lokalkolorit liefern sollte (cf. Thus we see that the only two poets of modern times who are of Shakespeare's stature follow him in unity of design. But one feels that this part of the art is still in its infancy. Shakespeare is the drama; and the drama, which with the same breath moulds the grotesque and the sublime, the terrible and the absurd, tragedy and comedy—the drama is the distinguishing characteristic of the third epoch of poetry, of the literature of the present day. We are constructing no system here—God protect us from systems! The drama has but to take a step to break all the spider's webs with which the militia of Lilliput have attempted to fetter its sleep. VI.3. Paris. Oberman. Es besteht aus fünf Akten, deren Abfolge streng geregelt ist (Exposition, Steigerung, Höhepunkt, Peripetie, Katastrophe). IV.3.1.  (Institut für Romanistik). Paradise Lost is a drama before it is an epic. Genius, which divines rather than learns, devises for each work the general rules from the general plan of things, the special rules from the separate ensemble of the subject treated; not after the manner of the chemist, who lights the fire under his furnace, heats his crucible, analyzes and destroys; but after the manner of the bee, which flies on its golden wings, lights on each flower and extracts its honey, leaving it as brilliant and fragrant as before. Where did anyone ever see a porch or peristyle of that sort? [15], Der klassische Dramatiker muss sich folglich besonderer Hilfsmittel bedienen, um Unschickliches oder Gewalttaten darstellen zu können. If you would have a smooth trunk, straight branches, satiny leaves, apply to the pale birch, the hollow elder, the weeping willow; but leave the mighty oak in peace. V.2.1. Let us say, rather, that everything will die in the operation, and so the dogmatic mutilaters reach their ordinary result: what was alive in the chronicles is dead in tragedy.